Author: annamcclintock

26 January 2026 Multimedia Critique

Multimedia Critique

Multimedia Educational Resource Assessment Rubric

Created by Me

Located Educational Resources

The following three multimedia resources were intentionally selected to represent a clear spectrum of quality:

Poor Quality Resource

Biology 1010 Lecture 8: Photosynthesis

  • Format: Recorded lecture with a single instructor speaking.
  • Visuals: Dense on-screen text, minimal diagrams and animations.
  • Interaction: None, purely passive viewing.
  • Presentation Style: Linear, lecture-driven; little variation in pacing or delivery.
  • Audience Engagement: Low with no prompts, questions or feedback.

Okay/Good Quality Resource

Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8

  • Format: Short instructional video with narration and visuals.
  • Visuals: Simple diagrams, step-by-step explanations.
  • Interaction: Limited to pausing, replaying or following along with examples.
  • Presentation Style: Structured, segmented content and clear progression.
  • Audience Engagement: Moderate level of engagement with visual support aids understanding but limited active participation.

Excellent Quality Resource

PhET Interactive Simulation: “Greenhouse Effect”

Access simulation through this link: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/greenhouse-effect

  • Format: Web-based interactive simulation.
  • Visuals: Dynamic, real-time visual representation of photosynthesis processes.
  • Interaction: Learners manipulate variables and immediately see effects.
  • Presentation Style: Exploratory, learner-directed and flexible pacing.
  • Audience Engagement: High level engagement encourages experimentation, observation and discovery.

Evaluation Using the Multimedia Assessment Rubric

Resource 1: Poor Quality

Created by Me

Overall Evaluation:

This resource reflects a transmission-based approach to learning and demonstrates limited awareness of multimedia learning theory, active learning models or UDL principles.

Resource 2: Okay Quality

Created by Me

Overall Evaluation:

This resource demonstrates strong alignment with multimedia learning theory and accessibility practices but only partially engages learners in active meaning-making.

Resource 3: Excellent Quality

Created by Me

Overall Evaluation:

This resource represents excellent practice in multimedia instructional design by seamlessly integrating theory, accessibility and active learning into a cohesive learner-centered experience. 

Resources

BioProfessor101. (2017, January 27). Biology 1010 lecture 8: Photosynthesis. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33PsCr15T9o

CrashCourse. (2012, March 19). Photosynthesis: Crash Course Biology #8. YouTube.

https://youtu.be/sQK3Yr4Sc_k

PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder. (n.d.). Greenhouse Effect: Interactive simulation.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/greenhouse-effect

17 January 2026 Substantive Posts

Substantive Post #3: Accessibility & Universal Design for Learning

Rethinking What Accessibility Really Means

Accessibility in education is often framed as something we add after a problem shows up, an accommodation, a workaround, a special support for a few learners. Exploring and reflecting on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and inclusive design has pushed me to rethink that idea entirely. Accessibility isn’t reactive, it’s intentional. It’s about designing learning experiences from the start with the understanding that learners are diverse in how they think, process, move and engage.

When barriers exist, they’re often not about a learner’s ability, but about a mismatch between people and the environments they’re expected to learn in. When those environments are designed more thoughtfully, many barriers fade away or never appear in the first place.

Accessibility as a Foundation for Inclusion

This way of thinking connects closely to the social model of disability and the core principles of UDL: multiple means of engagement, representation and expression. What feels most affirming about UDL is how familiar it is. The strategies UDL promotes (choice, flexibility, varied ways of showing understanding) are already hallmarks of good teaching.

For example, a TEDxTalk on the power of inclusive education illustrates how classrooms can be structured so that all learners actively participate, contribute and support one another’s thinking, modeling the kind of collaborative, student-centered engagement that active learning aims to promote. When students can access content in different ways and express their learning through multiple formats, participation increases across the board. Accessibility doesn’t single students out or label them as needing something “extra.” Instead, it creates learning conditions where more students can succeed without having to ask for special support.

Designing Accessible Multimedia

Accessibility becomes especially important when learning shifts into multimedia and interactive spaces. While multimedia can be engaging and powerful, it can also create barriers if meaning is locked into a single sensory channel. One key takeaway from the Accessible Multimedia reading was that accessibility isn’t about stripping media of creativity, it’s about expanding how meaning is communicated.

Captions, transcripts and audio descriptions are often thought of as niche supports, but they benefit far more learners than we tend to realize. English language learners, students processing dense information or anyone who prefers reading along while listening all benefit. Clear layout, thoughtful pacing and reduced cognitive load also make multimedia experiences more welcoming and easier to navigate.

Inclusive Design in Practice

Inclusive design asks us to design with difference as the norm, not the exception. There is no “average” learner and once that idea is let go, lesson planning starts to shift. Rather than asking who might struggle, I find myself asking how learning can offer multiple entry points from the beginning.

This shift feels both challenging and reassuring. It challenges habits rooted in one-size-fits-all thinking, but it also aligns closely with my experiences using UDL-informed strategies in inclusive classrooms.

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Beyond the Visual

Because graphic design is so visually driven, it can unintentionally exclude learners if information is communicated only through images or colour. Pairing visuals with clear text, consistent layouts, strong contrast and audio explanations makes content more accessible for learners with visual impairments and often clearer for everyone else.

Accessibility is Just Better Design

Ultimately, accessibility and UDL push educators and designers toward learning environments that are flexible, thoughtful and human-centered. When accessibility is treated as a foundation rather than an add-on, it leads to better design, design that acknowledges and supports the many ways learners engage with the world.

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11 January 2026 Substantive Posts

Substantive Post #2: Models of Active Learning

What Active Learning Means to Me

Active learning is often described as “getting students involved,” but this week’s reading reminded me that it’s really about how learning is designed. Students aren’t just busy, they’re actively constructing understanding through meaningful tasks. What stood out to me most in Models of Active Learning is that technology and multimedia don’t automatically make learning active. Without thoughtful design, they can easily become distractions rather than supports.

Image credit: Me

The photo above is from my final practicum, where every student in the class had the chance to collaborate and engage hands-on while creating this mural.

Multimedia Without Video Games

I don’t have personal experience with video game-based learning, but I do see many of the same learning principles reflected in everyday classroom technologies. Tools like short instructional videos, interactive slides and digital whiteboards often align with Mayer’s multimedia principles, especially signaling and segmenting. When information is broken into smaller chunks and key ideas are clearly highlighted, students are more likely to stay focused and understand what matters.

In terms of Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction, I see demonstration and application used most often. Students watch a model, then try something similar themselves; though, I have noticed that integration is often missing. Students complete tasks but aren’t always given time to reflect, explain their thinking or connect their learning to real-world contexts. That reflection piece feels essential for learning to really stick.

Designing an Authentic Problem

If I were designing a lesson using Merrill’s principles, I’d start with a real problem that students can see and care about, something like improving sustainability or inclusivity in their school. Students could begin by identifying a problem (too much waste, limited accessibility, lack of outdoor learning spaces), then explore examples through photos or short videos from other schools.

For example, the YouTube video below on inquiry-based learning shows students actively asking questions, investigating ideas and making decisions, making the concept of “doing” tangible and illustrating how collaboration and problem-solving bring learning to life. From there, students could work in groups to design a solution using drawings, simple models or digital planning tools. Multimedia would support this process rather than lead it; students might document their ideas with photos, create a short video explanation or design a digital poster to share their proposal. These tools help students communicate their thinking and reflect on their choices, which connects directly to active learning.

Alignment That Actually Makes Sense

One thing I appreciate about this course is the clear constructive alignment between readings, learning outcomes and assignments. We aren’t just reading about theory, we’re expected to apply it in reflective, meaningful ways. I’ve taken other courses where the connection between content and assessment felt unclear, which often led to surface-level learning. When backward design is done well, the learning feels purposeful rather than performative.

Enhancing Historia With Multimedia

I really liked the Historia example because it proves that active learning doesn’t need to be high-tech. Students are already making decisions, analyzing information and discussing outcomes. Thoughtful multimedia could enhance this by adding interactive maps, primary source images or short audio clips representing different historical perspectives. These additions would allow students to explore context and consequence more deeply, without changing the core inquiry-based structure.

Why “Doing” Still Matters

The reading Students Need to DO Something strongly resonated with my own K-12 experiences, where passive learning was often the norm. I think active learning isn’t more common because it requires time, flexibility and a willingness to let students take the lead. In my own teaching, even small shifts, like hands-on investigations, collaborative problem-solving or student-created representations have made a noticeable difference. This week reinforced for me that when students are actively doing, thinking and reflecting, learning becomes deeper and far more meaningful.

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9 January 2026 Substantive Posts

Substantive Post #1: Theories of Multimedia Learning

Rethinking Multimedia in Educational Design

The theories of multimedia learning explored in this module have genuinely shifted how I think about educational design. Rather than asking which tools or platforms are the most engaging, these readings pushed me to focus on how learners process information and why certain combinations of text, images and audio work better than others. The Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) offers a powerful framework for understanding learning at a neurological and cognitive level, reminding designers that more media does not automatically lead to better learning.

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When Less Really Is More

Several of the principles immediately felt intuitive based on my own experiences as both a learner and a developing educator. The coherence principle, which emphasizes removing extraneous material, resonated strongly. I have often felt overwhelmed by slides or online modules filled with decorative images, background music or dense blocks of text. Learning that these elements compete for limited working memory helped validate why simpler, more focused designs often feel clearer and more effective.

The signaling principle also felt familiar. Headings, arrows and visual emphasis have always helped me identify what matters most and how ideas connect. Seeing this instinct supported by cognitive theory helped me recognize these strategies as intentional design choices rather than just personal preferences.

Confronting the Limits of Cognitive Load

What surprised me most was the strict limitation of cognitive capacity described in CTML. I had previously assumed that motivated learners could adapt to complex or overloaded presentations. The readings challenged this assumption, emphasizing that even highly engaged learners can struggle when cognitive load is poorly managed.

The split-attention effect, in particular, made me reflect on how often text and images are separated across slides or webpages. When learners have to constantly shift their attention to mentally integrate information, valuable cognitive energy is lost, often without designers realizing it.

Learning from Social Media Design

Interestingly, social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok demonstrate how effective multimedia design can be when text and visuals are intentionally aligned. Short captions, strong visual focal points and minimal on-screen text closely reflect CTML principles such as coherence and signaling, even though the primary goal is engagement rather than learning. Embedding screenshots or short video examples from these platforms could be a useful way to illustrate how multimedia principles show up in familiar, everyday contexts.

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Reflecting on My Own Learning Habits

I also realized that I have intuitively followed the dual-coding principle when taking notes by doodling diagrams, symbols and visual metaphors alongside written text. This approach supports deeper understanding and synthesis rather than passive transcription. At the same time, I noticed that I haven’t always applied the coherence principle in my own teaching materials, often adding extra text “just in case.” Moving forward, I want to be more intentional by asking whether each element directly supports the learning goal.

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Designing with Cognitive Care

When I imagine creating educational content for my own projects, I now picture learners who may already feel cognitively overloaded. This perspective encourages me to prioritize clarity, pacing and accessibility. Principles such as modality, spatial contiguity and segmenting feel especially important, though challenging, because they require letting go of the urge to include everything at once.

By incorporating diagrams, short videos and annotated visuals thoughtfully rather than decoratively, I can design multimedia experiences that truly support learning rather than distract from it.

8 January 2026 EDCI 337

Flight Path

I am coming into EDCI 337 as a Teacher Teaching on Call (TTOC) who recently graduated in the spring with a degree in elementary education. I have a strong background in pedagogy and am beginning to see myself as a developing multimedia designer. Most of my experience so far comes from designing learning experiences for elementary classrooms that focus on storytelling, visual thinking, inquiry and hands-on learning rather than highly technical digital production. I am comfortable planning with curriculum goals in mind, using Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles and designing for a range of learners, including students with language-based and learning needs. I see multimedia as a way to support learning in meaningful ways, not just as something that looks visually appealing.

My experience with digital and multimedia tools is practical but still developing. I have used tools like Canva, Google tools, Mattermost, WordPress and other basic digital platforms, but I am still building confidence when it comes to creating interactive media and working with web-based formats. This is definitely an area where I want to grow. Right now, I would describe myself as someone who feels confident in my teaching decisions but more cautious when it comes to the technical side of design. I understand why thoughtful design matters, but I am still learning how to bring those ideas to life digitally.

One of my main goals in EDCI 337 is to become more confident and intentional when designing interactive multimedia learning experiences. I want to move beyond relying on pre-made templates and start creating original resources that are grounded in learning theory and good design principles. I am especially interested in exploring how storytelling, symbolism and visual narrative can be used through formats like comics or simple web pages to help students make meaning and stay engaged. These approaches feel closely connected to the kinds of learning experiences I already enjoy creating in elementary classrooms.

This course feels well timed for where I am in my learning journey. I am motivated to better understand how learning theory connects to interactive and multimedia design choices, especially when it comes to accessibility, cognitive load and how information is presented and flows. I also want to spend time working through design thinking processes such as brainstorming, prototyping, testing and reflecting, ideas that I was introduced to last term in my design thinking course, in order to help my work feel more intentional and less like trial and error. I am also curious about how AI can be used as a creative support for generating and refining ideas, while still being mindful of ethical and educational considerations.

I expect the biggest challenges for me will be technical, particularly learning new tools, working with web-based media and turning ideas into interactive formats. Instead of avoiding these challenges, I plan to take them on in manageable steps, ask for feedback early and use examples to guide my learning. I also see value in learning alongside my peers and using collaboration as a way to problem-solve and expand my thinking.

Overall, my focus in EDCI 337 is on growth. I want to build my design skills, increase my technical confidence and learn how to create interactive multimedia experiences that are thoughtful, accessible and realistic for real classroom settings.

15 October 2025 Peer Responses

Module 3 – Designing for Inclusion and Engagement

Designing for Inclusion and Engagement

I really connected with how you linked “kids do well if they can” to Universal Design for Learning and inclusive education. That mindset shift, from seeing a lack of effort to recognizing a lack of tools or supports, is such a powerful foundation for teaching. It reminds me that UDL isn’t just about accessibility, but about empathy and proactive design. By anticipating diverse needs, we create environments where students can thrive rather than struggle to fit in.

I also liked your point about balancing synchronous and asynchronous learning; it reflects how inclusion extends beyond physical or academic barriers to also consider time, space and comfort zones. Your post made me think about how this applies to us as educators too, how we need grace and structure to grow when we “can’t yet.” In many ways, UDL supports both learners and teachers in moving from potential to capability through thoughtful, flexible design.

Great post!

11 October 2025 Peer Responses

Module 3 – To be Synchronous or Asynchronous?

(It will not let me embed it but this is the link to the post I am responding to):

https://smvotova.opened.ca/to-be-synchronous-or-asynchronous-blog-post-3/

I really enjoyed your thoughtful exploration of how UDL, Inclusive Learning Design and hybrid models intersect. I especially enjoyed your connection between the Tortoise and the Hare performance (also very relevant as it is exploding on TikTok right now) and the idea that students shouldn’t have to overcome barriers on their own. That metaphor perfectly captures the purpose of scaffolding and gradual release, supporting learners until they can confidently move forward independently.

Your reflection on synchronous and asynchronous learning also resonated with me. Like you, I’ve found that hybrid or flipped classrooms often provide the best of both worlds. When students can engage with content asynchronously and then use synchronous time for collaboration or discussion, it mirrors UDL principles by offering multiple pathways to engagement and expression.

I also loved your example of anonymous online discussions, it’s such a practical strategy to reduce anxiety and make every voice heard. It reminds me that inclusivity isn’t just about access, it’s also about psychological safety and belonging.

11 October 2025 Peer Responses

Module 3 – Designing with Inclusion and Engagement in Mind

Designing with Inclusion and Engagement in Mind: Online Learning Environments

This post beautifully highlights how UDL and Inclusive Design go beyond accessibility to foster true belonging. I really appreciate how you connect theory to practice, especially your example of using animal groups based on Coast Salish teachings to celebrate student strengths. That approach powerfully demonstrates your point that diversity should be seen as a resource, not a challenge.

I also found your discussion of online learning particularly relevant. The idea that connection must be intentionally designed into virtual spaces really resonates with me. I’ve noticed that when educators use interactive elements, like collaborative documents or short video check-ins—students engage more deeply because they feel seen and valued.

Your reflection makes me think about how UDL applies not only to students but to teachers as learners too. Designing professional learning with multiple means of engagement could support educators’ own diverse needs and contexts.

1 October 2025 EDCI 338

EDCI 338 – Blog Post #3: Defining Inclusion and Building a Professional Identity Through My PLN

As I continue developing my professional identity as an educator, I’ve realized that inclusion and connection are deeply intertwined. This week’s focus on Personal Learning Networks (PLNs) encouraged me to think about how my digital presence and professional community can actively support inclusive education. Balancing my personal and professional identities online also shapes how I approach inclusion, not just in the classroom, but in how I engage, learn and represent myself as part of a wider educational community.

Defining Inclusion in My Practice

Inclusion, to me, means more than having all students in the same room. It’s about creating a learning environment where every student feels valued, respected and supported to thrive (BC Ministry of Education, 2019). During my practicum, I witnessed how powerful inclusion can be when it works well, students with different abilities and needs contributing meaningfully to a shared classroom community. Yet, I also experienced the challenges: limited resources, time pressures and my own inexperience sometimes created barriers to fully meeting each learner where they were.

This aligns with Katz’s (2012) framework for Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which emphasizes designing lessons from the outset to meet diverse learner needs. True inclusion isn’t a fixed goal, it’s a continuous process of reflection, adaptation and humility. There is often a gap between the ideal of inclusion and the daily realities of teaching and that’s where I see my greatest responsibility to grow.

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How a PLN Supports Inclusion

A Personal Learning Network (PLN) bridges my professional growth and classroom practice. Trust (2012) defines a PLN as “a system of interpersonal connections and resources that support both formal and informal learning.” My own network includes educators, advocates and researchers who share insights on inclusive pedagogy, trauma-informed practices and Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Engaging with these voices, through platforms like TikTok and Facebook, professional forums and webinars, has introduced me to strategies such as visual schedules, flexible seating and multimodal assessments that make inclusion more tangible in everyday teaching.

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What I value most is how a PLN broadens my perspective. If I only surround myself with people who see teaching the same way I do, I’ll miss out on fresh ideas and meaningful challenges. By intentionally seeking out diverse voices, Indigenous educators, disability advocates and multilingual teachers, I not only expand my teaching toolkit but also confront my own blind spots. As emphasized in the video below, giving students a voice in their learning helps ensure they feel seen, respected and included. Hearing students’ perspectives directly can highlight gaps in access or understanding that I might not notice on my own.

Looking Ahead

As I continue developing my professional identity, I want my PLN to mirror the inclusive community I hope to foster in my classroom. This means asking whose perspectives are missing and intentionally seeking them out. Managing my personal and professional identities online will also require ongoing reflection, maintaining authenticity while upholding professional ethics and digital boundaries.

The artwork in my blog post symbolizes inclusion, equity and student voice. It reflects that all students deserve meaningful access, support and a voice in their learning, reinforcing my blog’s focus on creating an inclusive classroom.

References:

BC Ministry of Education. (2019). Inclusive education policy.

Edutopia. (2023). Students collaborating in an inclusive classroom [Photograph]. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/inclusive-classroom-strategies

Inclusive Schools Network. (2025, October 1). The power of student voice [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/2WATlAOSCWI?si=HANGN6iajIryL2QC

Katz, J. (2012). Teaching to diversity: The three-block model of universal design for learning. Portage & Main Press.

Pinterest. (n.d.). [Illustration]. Pinterest. https://pin.it/1X0l9B7Uh

Pinterest. (n.d.). [Illustration]. Pinterest. https://pin.it/3Gs92AfIu

Trust, T. (2012). Professional learning networks designed for teacher learning. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 28(4), 133–138.

1 October 2025 EDCI 335

EDCI 335 – Blog Post #3: Designing for Inclusion in Online Learning

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework that helps educators design curriculum with learner variability in mind by offering multiple means of engagement, representation and expression (CAST, 2014). Rose, Meyer, and Gordon (2014) emphasize that learning differences are normal, not exceptions and that barriers exist in curriculum design, not in students. This idea has shifted how I approach teaching. During my practicum, I noticed lessons ran more smoothly when I gave students multiple entry points, through visuals, hands-on tasks or oral explanations. In an online context, this could look like providing transcripts with videos, using graphic organizers or offering choices in how students demonstrate their understanding. UDL reminds me that flexibility is an important form of equity.

This video highlights these ideas, which shows how intentional design can open up learning for all students.

Inclusive Learning Design

Inclusive Learning Design: This focuses on creating learning environments that prioritize equity, belonging and representation. It builds on UDL but goes further by focusing on equity, belonging and representation. It ensures that learners not only have access but also see themselves reflected in the curriculum and feel valued in the learning community. The BC Ministry of Education (2019) highlights the importance of representation in creating inclusive environments. I have tried to put this into practice by using picture books that reflect diverse cultural identities during early literacy lessons. In digital spaces, I imagine extending this by incorporating examples, images and case studies that highlight a range of voices and perspectives. For me, inclusion means that every learner feels both represented and respected.

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Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

Both synchronous and asynchronous formats play a valuable role in supporting diverse learners. Synchronous learning involves real-time interaction, such as Zoom classes or live discussions, which foster immediacy and community. Asynchronous learning, in contrast, allows learners to engage on their own schedule through tools like discussion boards, recordings or independent projects. This provides flexibility but requires careful design to maintain engagement (Hrastinski, 2008).

From my own experience, synchronous sessions have helped me feel connected to peers and instructors, while asynchronous options gave me the time I needed to reflect and process ideas. In my teaching, I plan to blend these approaches, for example, beginning with a live discussion and then extending it through reflective online activities. This balance allows students with different needs, schedules or processing speeds to participate fully.

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Community of Inquiry & Effectively Online Education

The Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework outlines three key elements for effective online learning: teaching presence, social presence and cognitive presence (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000). Teaching presence comes from clear design and facilitation, social presence from building trust and interaction and cognitive presence from supporting reflection and sustained discourse.

I’ve experienced how powerful these elements can be. In courses with clear structure and instructions, I was able to focus on learning instead of logistics. When instructors provided timely feedback, I felt more connected, which increased motivation. In my practicum, I also noticed that when students engaged in dialogue with peers, their ideas became deeper and more collaborative, reflecting cognitive presence.

Closing Reflection

Module 3 reminded me that inclusion is not about adding extra supports but about designing from the beginning with variability, equity, and connection in mind. Moving forward, I want to bring UDL and inclusive design together with a thoughtful balance of synchronous and asynchronous learning, while using the CoI framework to strengthen presence and belonging. My goal is to create learning environments where all students feel capable, cared for and connected.

References

BC Ministry of Education. (2019). British Columbia curriculum. https://curriculum.gov.bc.ca/

CAST. (2018). Universal Design for Learning guidelines version 2.2. https://udlguidelines.cast.org/

Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2–3), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6

Hrastinski, S. (2008). Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. EDUCAUSE Quarterly, 31(4), 51–55. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2008/11/asynchronous-and-synchronous-elearning

Rose, D. H., Meyer, A., & Gordon, D. (2014). Universal Design for Learning: Theory and practice. CAST Professional Publishing.

Seeing UDL in action in the classroom. (2012, November 15). [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/hCHTxTfkBsU